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The Shark Conservation Act of 2010 (SCA) (, ) was passed by the 111th United States Congress that amended the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act and the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act to improve the conservation of sharks. Also called the International Fisheries Agreement Clarification Act,〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=THOMAS Bill Summary & Status 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) )〕 the bill was approved by the House of Representatives on March 2, 2009 by voice vote and the Senate on December 20, 2010 by unanimous consent. A record of each representative's position was not kept. The bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4, 2011.〔(H.R. 81: Shark Conservation Act of 2009 (GovTrack.us): )〕 A decade earlier, the Shark Finning Prohibition Act (SFPA) had been passed to combat the increased practice of removing fins from sharks, usually taken in bycatch by longline fishing vessels, to satisfy increased demand for shark fin soup, a delicacy in China. In 2008, a federal appeals court ruled that transshipment of fins taken by other vessels was not prohibited by the SFPA. Within weeks of that decision, the SCA was introduced to close that loophole. It prohibits any person from cutting the fins of a shark at sea and from possessing, transferring and landing shark fins (including the tail) that are not "naturally attached to the corresponding carcass". In addition it prohibits any person from landing a shark carcass without its corresponding fins being "naturally attached".〔(US Shark Conservation Act of 2010 ).〕 The act protects all shark species, with an exception for commercial fishing of smooth dogfish (''Mustelus canis'') with a valid State license within 50 nautical miles of that State's coast. ==Background== Shark finning refers to the practice of cutting the fins from live sharks while at sea, and then discarding the rest of the fish back into the ocean. If they are still alive, the sharks either die from suffocation or are eaten because they are unable to move normally. Shark finning is widespread, and largely unregulated and unmonitored. The practice has been on the rise largely due to the increasing demand for shark fins for shark fin soup and traditional cures, particularly in China and its territories. Studies estimate that 26 to 73 million sharks are harvested annually for their fins. The estimated median of 38 million is nearly four times the number recorded by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, but considerably lower than the estimates of many conservationists. Shark fins are among the most expensive seafood products in the world, and can fetch up to $300 per pound mostly in Asian markets as a soup ingredient." In 2009, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list of oceanic sharks named 64 species, a third of all oceanic shark species, at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning. In 2000 Congress had passed its first legislation addressing shark finning, the Shark Finning Prohibition Act (SFPA), signed into law by Bill Clinton. It outlawed any finning by any vessels in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (up to 200 nm offshore), and possession of fins by any U.S.-flagged fishing vessels on international waters. It also prohibited any fishing vessel from landing at a U.S. port with shark fins whose weight exceeded 5% of the total weight of shark carcasses landed or on board. These provisions left loopholes that would successfully be exploited in its first court test, ''United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins''. In August 2002, the destroyer USS ''Fife'', patrolling international waters off the coast of Guatemala, intercepted the ''King Diamond II'', a U.S.-flagged, Hong Kong-based former fishing trawler. A Coast Guard detachment with the ''Fife'' was sent aboard to investigate, and found of shark fins rotting in various locations on board, without any carcasses on board. The ''King Diamond II'' was escorted to San Diego, where the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement finished the investigation. The ship's owner, captain and charterer were fined over $600,000 for the largest shark fin arrest ever. But in 2008, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the fins returned. Judge Stephen Reinhardt held for a three-judge panel that a vessel carrying shark fins that it had ''purchased'' from ''other'' vessels on the high seas did not meet the definition of a fishing vessel. Accordingly, it did not fall within the purview of the SFPA, and therefore the fins had been seized unlawfully.〔''(United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins )'', 520 F.3d 976, (9th Cir., 2008).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shark Conservation Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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